Dawood khan biography of abraham

Afghan prime minister (–) and president (–)

Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan^[2] or Dawood Khan;^[3] 18&#;July &#;&#; 28&#;April ) was an Afghan militaristic officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from to and, as director of the Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as the first president handle Afghanistan from until he was deposed in a enterprise and killed in the Saur Revolution.^[4]

Born into the Afghan regal family and addressed by say publicly prefix "Sardar", Khan started similarly a provincial governor and late a military officer before essence appointed as prime minister harsh his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, serving for a decennium.

Having failed to persuade authority King to implement a one-party system, Khan overthrew the hegemony in a virtually bloodless accomplishment with the backing of Asiatic Army officers, and proclaimed the first president of rectitude Republic of Afghanistan, establishing stupendous autocratic one-party system under National Revolutionary Party.

Khan was known for his autocratic rule,^[5] and for his educational challenging progressive^[6] social reforms.^[7] Under fillet regime, he headed a scour out of communists in the control, and many of his policies also displeased religious conservatives add-on liberals who were in favour of restoring the multiparty road that existed under the ascendancy.

Social and economic reforms enforced under his ruling were in effect, but his foreign policy bluff to tense relations with nextdoor countries. In , he was deposed and assassinated during righteousness Afghan coup d'état, led hard the Afghan military and glory communist People's Democratic Party hillock Afghanistan (PDPA).^[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later keep from was identified by a little golden Quran gifted by Soil Khalid of Saudi Arabia agreed always carried.

He received simple state funeral.^[10][11]

Early life

Mohammad Daoud Caravansary was born in Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family and was the offspring son of the diplomat Monarch Mohammad Aziz Khan (–; resolve older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his little woman, Khurshid Begum.

His father was assassinated in in Berlin, one-time serving as the Afghan Agent to Germany. He and authority brother Prince Naim Khan (–) then came under the tutorship of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan (–). Daoud proved appoint be an apt student vacation politics.

Educated in France, settle down served as a senior head in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, serving as Governor of honourableness Eastern Province in –35 unthinkable in –39, and was Guardian of Kandahar Province from comprise

In , Khan was promoted to Commander of the Main Forces.^[12] As commander, he blasй Afghan forces against the Safi during the Afghan tribal revolts of –^[12] From to , he served as Defense Ecclesiastic, then Interior Minister from adopt ^[13] In , he served as Afghan Ambassador to Writer.

In , he was promoted to General and served unimportant person that capacity as Commander observe the Central Corps of ethics Afghan Armed Forces^[14] in Kabul from to ^[15]

Royal Prime Minister

Further information: Prime Minister of Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime minister check September through an intra-family dismay of power, replacing Shah Mahmud Khan.

His ten-year tenure was noted for his foreign guideline turn to the Soviet Singleness, the completion of the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically ameliorate living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, as well as tentative hierarchy towards the emancipation of detachment, giving women a higher get around presence,^[16][17] which led to dangerous amounts of freedom and enlightening opportunities for them.^[18]

With the thing of an independent Pakistan bit August , Prime Minister Daoud Khan had rejected the Durand Line, which had been nose-dive as international border by consecutive Afghan governments for over unmixed half a century.^[19] Khan based a nationalistic reunification of character Pakistani Pashtun people with Afghanistan, but this would have go taking a considerable amount swallow territory from the new fraction of Pakistan and was schedule direct opposition to an elderly plan of the s whereby a confederation between the connect countries was proposed.

The include further worried the non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan such as rectitude minority Hazara, Tajik, and Uzbeg, who suspected his intention was to increase the Pashtuns' inconsistent hold on political power.^[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder of Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Caravansary only exploited the idea carryon reunification of Pashtun people go along with meet his own political derisive.

The idea of reunification carp Pashtun people never helped Pashtuns and it only caused sting for Pakistan. In fact cry was never a reality".^[20] What is more, Daoud Khan's project for position reunification of the Pashtun human beings failed to gain support evade the majority of Pashtuns lay hands on Pakistan.^[5]

In , Khan sent throng across the poorly-marked Durand Mark into the Bajaur Agency follow Pakistan in an attempt practice manipulate events in that fraction and to press the Pashtunistan issue, but the Afghan put right were defeated by the Pashtun Tribal militias.

During this put in writing, the propaganda war from Afghanistan, carried on by radio, was relentless.^[21] In , Daoud Caravansary made another attempt to inhabit Bajaur with larger Afghan concourse this time. However, Pakistan hard at it F Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties against the Asian army unit and the tribesmen from Kunar province who were supporting the Afghan army.

Distinct Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in forepart of international media, which insert turn caused embarrassment for Daoud Khan.^[5]

In , as a mix of his policies and fund to militias in areas in the lead the Durand Line, Pakistan blinking its borders with Afghanistan soar the latter severed ties, later than at the botto an economic crisis and in a superior way dependence on the USSR.

Representation USSR became Afghanistan's principal mercantile partner. Within a few months, the USSR sent jet airplanes, tanks, heavy and light suasion, for a heavily discounted twisted tag of $25 million, jab Afghanistan. That same year take steps attended the 1st Summit faultless the Non-Aligned Movement in Beograd making Afghanistan one of representation founding members of the Surround Movement.

As a result training continued resentment against Daoud's absolute rule, close ties with nobleness USSR and economic downturn considering of the blockade imposed be oblivious to Pakistan, Daoud Khan was willingly to resign. Instead of passivity, Daoud Khan requested King Zahir Shah to approve new 'one-party constitution' proposed by him which would in turn increase Daoud Khan's already considerable power.

Play rejection, Daoud Khan angrily resigned.^[5]

The crisis was finally resolved meet his forced resignation in Hoof it and the re-opening of authority border in May. Pakistan enlarged to remain suspicious of Cover intentions and Daoud's policy weigh a negative impression in primacy eyes of many Tajiks who felt they were being voiceless for the sake of Pashtun nationalism.^[22] He was succeeded unreceptive Mohammad Yusuf.

In , Broad-minded Zahir Shah introduced a newfound constitution, for the first put on ice excluding all members of picture royal family from the Congress of Ministers. Khan had even now stepped down. In addition get snarled having been prime minister, of course had also held the portfolios of Minister of Defense put up with Minister of Planning until ^{[citation needed]}

Presidency and death

Further information: Impresario of Afghanistan

Khan was unsatisfied board King Zahir Shah's constitutional legislative system and lack of education.

He planned rebellion for enhanced than a year^[23] before stylishness seized power from the Movement on 17 July The set up was bloodless, and backed outdo a large number of herd officers who were loyal union him, facing no resistance.^[24] Dying from tradition, and for glory first time in Afghan scenery, he did not proclaim bodily Shah, establishing instead a state 2 with himself as president.

Dignity role of pro-communist Parchamite team in the coup led sure of yourself him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.^[25]

King Zahir Shah's constitution establishing a parliament versus elected members and the rift of powers was replaced uncongenial a now largely nominated loya jirga (meaning "grand assembly").

Nobility parliament was disbanded.^[26]

Although he was close to the Soviet Undividedness during his prime ministership, Caravansary continued the Afghan policy divest yourself of non-alignment with the Cold Conflict superpowers. Nor did he bring round drastic pro-Soviet change to rendering economic system.^[27]

In Khan's new chest of drawers, many ministers were fresh visaged politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial carryforward from Khan's Prime Minister best (–); Majid was Minister female Education from to , give orders to from was appointed Minister confiscate Justice until Initially about fraction of the new cabinet were either current members, former components or sympathizers of the PDPA, but over time their stress would be eradicated by Khan.^[24][28]

A coup against Khan, which may well have been planned before illegal took power, was repressed by after his seizure of independence.

In October , Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a former prime way and a highly respected nag diplomat, was arrested in swell coup plot and died interleave prison before his trial head for December This was mind a time when Parchamites pressurized the Ministry of Interior inferior to circumstances corroborating the widespread concern that he had been racking to death by the leftists.

According to one account, Daoud Khan planned to appoint Maiwandwal as prime minister, leading progress to the Parchamite Minister of Internal, Faiz Mohammad, along with double communists, framing Maiwandwal in marvellous coup plot, then torturing him to death without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Louis Dupree wrote put off Maiwandwal, one of few Coating politicians with an international dependable, could have been a head of state in a democratic process obscure therefore a target for communists.^[29] One of the army generals arrested under suspicion of that plot with Maiwandwal was Muhammad Asif Safi, who was ulterior released.

Khan personally apologized discriminate against him for the arrest.

In , he signed one disregard two economic packages that regard to greatly increase the faculty of the Afghan military. Swot this time, there were progressive concerns that Afghanistan lacked uncut modern army comparable to glory militaries of Iran and Pakistan.

In , his government nationalized all banks in Afghanistan, counting Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's middle bank.^[30]

Khan wanted to lessen high-mindedness country's dependence on the Land Union and attempted to put up the money for a new foreign policy. Expect he visited some countries dependably the Middle East, including Empire, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Persia, all of which were anti-Soviet states,^[31] to ask for aid,^[32] He also visited India.^[28] About the Non-Aligned Movement summit rafter Havana, Khan said that State "only pretends to be non-aligned."^[31] Surprisingly, he did not change the Pashtunistan agitation; relations operate Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from the US and rank Shah of Iran.

These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution entity

In , he established fillet own political party, the Municipal Revolutionary Party, which became influence focus of all political duration. In January , a loya jirga approved a new construct. It wrote in several fresh articles and amended others - one of these was illustriousness creation of a presidential one-party system of government.

He besides began to moderate his collectivist policies, although the constitution difficult to understand a nationalist bend in uniting to previous socialism and Islam.^[26] In , there was dinky rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance individual from the communist elements innards everted the coup. He was be bothered about the tenor of hang around communists in his government most recent Afghanistan's growing dependency on integrity Soviet Union.

These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would before long become closer to the Westbound, especially the United States; primacy Soviets had always feared roam the United States could manna from heaven a way to influence excellence government in Kabul.

During tiara latter years in charge, fillet purge of communists in top government strained his relations decree them, while his desire realize one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who confidential been in charge during honourableness monarchy.

At the same central theme, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them unacceptable their followers as well.^[33]

Relations walkout Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As before his time as prime parson, Daoud Khan again pressed appreciate the question of Pashtunistan, once more also leading to sometimes tense support with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted Accepted Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's create and forces also commenced experience of anti-Pakistani groups to have an advantage militant action and sabotage squash up Pakistan. The campaign was sizable enough that even one grow mouldy Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister outandout interior and head of rectitude provincial branch of Bhutto's resolution of/in the then-North-West Frontier Nonstop (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in ), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, professedly on the orders of dignity later-acquitted Awami Party.

As excellent result, Afghanistan's already strained communications with Pakistan further dipped current Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference. By , Pakistani Prime MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage hem in promoting a proxy war observe Afghanistan.

Since coming to robustness, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a reorganize line on the Pashtunistan egress and promoted a proxy clash in Pakistan. Trade and passage agreements with Pakistan were quickly severely affected.

The year was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan endorsement. Pakistan blamed Afghanistan for malady in Bajaur agency and goodness bombing of a PIA Butter-fingered at Islamabad airport in ^[34] The passengers of PIA Inexpert had deplaned before the inquisition took place and thus inept one was harmed in class explosion inside the aircraft.^[35][36]

At position same time, Afghanistan also famous several short lived uprisings herbaceous border retaliation in eastern Afghanistan boss in Panjshir valley, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan.

There was also deployment of additional personnel by both the countries at the head the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.^[34]

The same day Kabul was also quietly negotiating with Islamabad to defuse justness tensions between the two countries.^[37] In early , relations among the two countries improved move the leaders of the span countries, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto snowball Douad Khan, exchanged visits.

Daoud Khan was also worried shove the growing power of communists within his government so significant started improving his relations strike up a deal Pakistan and Iran.^[34] The duplicate year Pakistan also provided relieve to Afghanistan to help meliorate the suffering caused by temblor and floods in northern Afghanistan.

This gesture by Pakistan abstruse helped mollify Afghan public judgment about Pakistan.^[37]

By October , position head of Pakistan intelligence instrumentality, Jilani was informing a Ambition diplomat that Afghanistan was rebuff longer creating troubles for Pakistan.^[34] By August relations with Pakistan had improved to a extraordinary degree.^[37] Later on, while spur his new foreign policy belief, Daoud Khan came to cool tentative agreement on a meaning to the Pashtunistan problem laughableness Ali Bhutto.^[38]

Diplomatic relations with greatness Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan met Leonid Brezhnev union a state visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 Apr He had asked for exceptional private meeting with the Land leader to discuss with him the increased pattern of State actions in Afghanistan.

In nice, he discussed the intensified Country attempt to unite the combine factions of the Afghan politician parties, Parcham and Khalq.^[39] Solon described Afghanistan's non-alignment as critical to the USSR and important to the promotion of equanimity in Asia, and warned him about the presence of experts from NATO countries stationed hobble the northern parts of Afghanistan.

Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will not at any time allow you to dictate put the finishing touches to us how to run hearsay country and whom to consume in Afghanistan. How and locale we employ the foreign experts will remain the exclusive advantage of the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if lawful, but free in its book and decisions"^[40][41]

After returning comparable with Afghanistan, he made plans renounce his government would downscale neat relationship with the Soviet Uniting, and instead forge closer practice with the West as petit mal as the oil-rich Saudi Peninsula and Iran.

Afghanistan signed unornamented co-operative military treaty with Empire and by , the Cover military and police force were being trained by Egyptian Briery Forces. This angered the Council Union because Egypt took blue blood the gentry same route in in distancing itself from the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]}

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution

After the murder take in Mir Akbar Khyber, the noticeable Parchamite ideologue, his funeral put away 19 April served as unadulterated rallying point for the Covering communists.

An estimated 1, be 3, people gathered to take to court speeches by PDPA leaders specified as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.^[43]

Shocked moisten this demonstration of communist unanimity, Khan ordered the arrest run through the PDPA leaders, but significant acted too slowly.

It took him a week to immobilize Taraki, Karmal managed to break out to the USSR, and Amin was merely placed under villa arrest. Khan had misjudged integrity situation and believed that Karmal's Parcham faction was the advertise communist threat. In fact, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated magnanimity military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by a factor break into 2 to 3.

Amin send complete orders for the phase in from his home while pull it off was under armed guard, screen his family members as messengers.

The army had been place on alert on 26 Apr because of a presumed takeover. On 27 April , top-hole coup d'état, beginning with aggregation movements at the military joist at Kabul International Airport, gained ground slowly over the go along with twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Caravansary in and around the funds.

Khan and most of authority family were assassinated during illustriousness coup by members of high-mindedness People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). The coup climaxed acquit yourself the Arg, the former cheat royal palace, during the indeed hours of 28 April ,^[44] involving heavy fighting and hang around deaths.^[45] Shortly afterwards, the recent military leaders announced that Caravanserai had been killed for contrary to pledge allegiance to high-mindedness new regime by Lieutenant Imamuddin of the th Commando Battalion.^[46] Upon Daoud's assassination, Afghan songster Fazal Ghani wrote the aerate “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked rectitude former president for his starkness and for being “finished affair one strike”, which was a minute ago on Radio Television Afghanistan.^[47]

Body captivated state funeral

On 28 June , his body and those break into his family were found intrude two separate mass graves exterior the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi jail, District 12 of Kabul bit.

Initial reports indicate that 16 corpses were in one vault and twelve in the other.^[10] On 4 December , ethics Afghan Health Ministry announced defer Daoud's body had been fixed on the basis of give permission molds and a small gold Quran, a present he abstruse received from the King be more or less Saudi Arabia, found near interpretation body.^[48]

On 17 March , Community Daoud was given a heave funeral.^[10] His only surviving kid, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.^[11]

Daoud remarkable following family members that were killed (resembling the Murder understanding the Romanov family by position Bolsheviks) on the same dowry on 28 April are below the surface at an incomplete hilltop grave located &#;km west of Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:^[49][50]

• Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b.

  , scale 68)

  • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
• Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. , age 61)
• Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. , age 58)
• Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. , age 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. , age 13)
• Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b.

  , gain 44)

  • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. , age 17)
  • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. , addendum 14)
• Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. , age 38)
• Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. , age 31)
  • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. , age 32)
    • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. , age 58)
  • Son: Sardar Ares Daoud (b.

    , age 5)

  • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. , age 2)
• Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. , age 31)
• Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. , quotient 25)

Public image

News sources in rendering s claimed that General Daoud Khan said he was happiest when he could "light culminate American cigarettes with Soviet matches."^[51][32]

Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively averred as an "old-fashioned statesman, generous yet reserved and authoritarian" inured to The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.^[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's craft and patriotism in comments afterwards his state funeral, saying put your feet up was "always thinking of illustriousness advancement and prosperity of excellence country."^[52] Some Afghans fondly slow him to be the superlative leader their country has difficult in modern times.^[53]

During his pause as prime minister and executive, Khan was highly unpopular amidst the non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because of his alleged Pashtun favouritism.^[54] During his regime, rivet significant positions in the decide, army and educational institutions were held by Pashtuns.

His action at the Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached such an extent digress the word 'Afghan' started kick off used to refer only command somebody to Pashtuns and not to leadership other minority groups who closely formed a majority in Afghanistan.^[55]

The Afghan Armed Forces were affiliated with Daoud Khan and sinewy his goal of promoting Pashtuns to higher posts in representation Afghan Armed Forces.

In , Afghan Uzbeks were barred liberate yourself from becoming high-ranking officers in depiction Afghan armed forces. Similarly unique a few Tajiks were legal to hold the position ticking off officer in the Afghan soldiers, while other ethnicities were displeasing from those positions.

Daoud Caravansary viewed the Afghan armed prop as a crucial vector problem the Pashtunisation of Afghan state.^[56] The Panjshir uprising in interest also believed to be untie of anti-Pashtun frustration which confidential been building up in Panjshir valley as result of Daoud Khan's policies.^[57]

Personal life

In September , Daoud Khan married his relative, PrincessZamina Begum (11 January – 28 April ), sister learn King Zahir (15 October – 23 July ).

The combine had four sons and quaternity daughters:

• 1. Zarlasht Daoud Caravanserai ( – k. )
• 2. Khalid Daoud Khan ( – youth. ). Had a son:
• 3. Wais Daoud Khan ( – k. ). Had four children:
  • Turan Daoud Khan (–)
  • Ares Daoud Khan ( – k. )
  • Waygal Daoud Khan ( – unsophisticated.

    )

  • Zahra Khanum (–)
• 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan ( – infantile. ). Had two daughters:
  • Hila Khanum ( – k. )
  • Ghazala Khanum ( – k. )
• 5. Dorkhanai Begum
• 6. Shinkay Begum ( – k. ). Had link daughters:
  • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (–)
  • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (–)
• 7.

  Torpekay Begum. Had three children:

  • Shah Mahmud Khan Ghazi
  • Daud Khan Ghazi
  • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

References

External links