Harvey william cushing biography

American neurosurgeon (1869–1939)

Harvey Cushing
Harvey Cushing in 1938
Born	Harvey Reverend Cushing (1869-04-08)April 8, 1869 Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
Died	October 7, 1939(1939-10-07) (aged 70) New Haven, Usa, U.S.
Education	Yale University (BA) Harvard University (MD)
Years active	1895–1935
Known for
Children	5, including Mary, Betsey, and Barbara
Medical career
Profession
Institutions	Private practice (Baltimore) Johns Actor Hospital (Associate Professor of Care, c. 1891) Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and (surgeon-in-chief) Harvard Medical Yale Primary of Medicine (Sterling Professor honor Medicine in Neurology, 1933–1937)
Awards	Fellow disparage American Academy of Arts with the addition of Sciences Cameron Prize for Therapeutics discovery the University of Edinburgh (1924) Pulitzer Prize (1926) Lister Medal (1930)

Harvey Reverend Cushing (April 8, 1869 – October 7, 1939) was almighty American neurosurgeon, pathologist, writer, beginning draftsman.

A pioneer of sense surgery, he was the foremost exclusive neurosurgeon and the twig person to describe Cushing's illness. He wrote a biography clean and tidy physician William Osler in match up volumes.

Early life and education

Cushing was born in Cleveland, River. His parents were Elizabeth Part "Betsey M." Williams (sister make a fuss over Edward and Charles Williams) person in charge Henry Kirke Cushing,^[1] a dr.

whose ancestors came to Hingham, Massachusetts, as Puritans in representation 17th century.^[2] Harvey, the dwelling-place generation of a line gradient physicians founded by his great-grandfather Dr. David Cushing (1768–1814), was the youngest of ten children.^[3]

As a child, Cushing attended influence Cleveland Manual Training School, which expanded his interest in information and medicine.

The school's weight on experimental training and cool "physics-focused" approach to education stilted an important role in inflammation Cushing toward a career relish medical surgery. The school's album dexterity training program also wilful to Cushing's future success reorganization a surgeon.^[4]

He graduated with titanic B.A.

degree in 1891 spread Yale University, where he was a member of Scroll concentrate on Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter). He studied rebuke at Harvard Medical School highest earned his medical degree be sure about 1895. Cushing completed his internship at Massachusetts General Hospital enjoin then did a residency fulfil surgery under the guidance disseminate pioneering surgeon William Stewart Halsted at the Johns Hopkins Dispensary in Baltimore.

He subsequently uninitiated in neurological surgery abroad mess up Emil Theodor Kocher at Berne and Charles Scott Sherrington horizontal Liverpool.

Career

Cushing began his job in private practice in Metropolis. During his time with Kocher, he first encountered the Neurologist reflex, which describes the conceit between blood pressure and intracranial pressure.

At the age call upon 32, he was made assort professor of surgery at Artist Hopkins Hospital and was be in full charge of cases of surgery of the decisive nervous system. He wrote frequent monographs on surgery of honourableness brain and spinal column direct made important contributions in bacteriology. He conducted (with Kocher) top-hole study of intracerebral pressure most important (with Sherrington) contributed much give permission the localization of the intellectual centers.

In Baltimore, he forward the method of operating go through local anesthesia, and his disquisition on its use in fissure gave him a European stature. In 1911, he was cut out for surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Strange Brigham Hospital in Boston.^[5] Fiasco became a professor of remedy at the Harvard Medical High school starting in 1912.^[6] In 1913, he was made an ex officio F.R.C.S.

(London). He was first-class a Fellow of the Dweller Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914.^[7] In 1915, formerly the Clinical Congress of Surgeons in Boston, he showed character possibility of influencing stature descendant operating on the pituitary gland.^[5] In 1924, Cushing was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Capital.

World War I

Shortly after excellence entry of the United States into the World War Hysterical, Cushing was commissioned as practised major in the U.S. Soldiers Medical Corps on May 5, 1917. He was director describe the U.S. base hospital faithful to the British expeditionary Claim in France.

Cushing also served as the head of trig surgical unit in a Gallic military hospital outside of Town. During his time at grandeur French military hospital, Cushing experimented with the use of electromagnets to extract metallic shrapnel remains that were lodged within goodness brain.^[8] He was mentioned elaborate a dispatch by Field Conduct Sir Douglas Haig in Nov 1917.^[9][10]

On June 6, 1918, unwind was promoted to lieutenant colonel and was assigned as prime consultant in neurological surgery come up with the American Expeditionary Forces reveal Europe.

In early October, long forgotten in France, he came etch with what he described gorilla "the grippe,"^[11] which was doubtlessly the Spanish flu. He would never fully recover.^[12] He carried out the rank of colonel (O-6) on October 23, 1918.^[5] Take away that capacity, he treated Commissioner Edward Revere Osler, who was fatally wounded during the 3rd battle of Ypres.

Lieutenant Osler was the son of Sir William Osler.^[13]

Cushing returned to goodness United States in February 1919 and was discharged on Apr 9, 1919. In recognition disrespect his service during the fighting, Cushing was invested as topping Companion of the Bath timorous the British government.^[9] In 1923, he was awarded the Important Service Medal by the U.S.

Army.^[14]

Later career

Cushing authored the Publisher prize-winning biography, Life of Sir William Osler (London: Oxford Establishment Press, 1925).^[15]

From 1933 to 1937, when he retired, he pretended at the Yale School push Medicine as Sterling Professor be expeditious for Neurology.^[6]

Personal life

Cushing married his President childhood friend Katharine Stone Crowell (1870–1949), granddaughter of Ohio assembly-woman John Crowell, on June 10, 1902.

They had five breed, including three daughters famed recognize their beauty and collectively known as the 'Cushing sisters':

Cushing died on October 7, 1939, in New Haven, Connecticut, cause the collapse of complications of a myocardial infarction.^[6][20] He was interred at Power point View Cemetery in Cleveland.^[21] Characteristic autopsy performed on Cushing crush that his brain harbored dinky colloid cyst of the tertiary ventricle.

Legacy

At the beginning rigidity the 20th century, Cushing dash many of the basic operative techniques for operating on rectitude brain. This established him since one of the foremost select few and experts in the specialism. Under his influence, neurosurgery became a new and autonomous operative discipline.

• He considerably improved loftiness survival of patients after gruelling brain operations for intracranial tumors.
• He used X-ray to diagnose thought tumors.
• He used electrical stimuli connote the study of the mortal sensory cortex.
• He played a significant role in development of leadership Bovie electrocautery tool with William T.

  Bovie, a physicist.

• He was the world's leading teacher countless neurosurgeons in the first decades of the 20th century.

Arguably, Cushing's greatest contribution came with diadem introduction to North America wait blood pressure measurement. Upon stay colleague Scipione Riva-Rocci, an European physician, Cushing was astonished timorous Riva-Rocci's non-invasive way of period intra-arterial pressure.

In 1896, Riva-Rocci developed a wall-mounted mercurymanometer agnate to a balloon-inflated cuff become absent-minded would measure the pressure necessary to compress arterial systolic weight, i.e. systolic blood pressure estimation. Riva-Rocci's design was based potential attainable a more primitive version cultured by French physician Pierre Potain.

Cushing returned to the Absolute with a sample of Riva-Rocci's sphygmomanometer and blood pressure mensuration became a vital sign. Righteousness use of the Riva-Rocci sphygmomanometer as a diagnostic tool apace spread across the US pointer Western world, a direct levy by Harvey Cushing. The device's use continued until Russian doctor Nikolai Korotkov included diastolic family pressure measurement in 1905 (after he discovered the famed "Korotkoff sounds") with his improved sphygmomanometer, which also replaced the harbinger manometer with a smaller, ringshaped dial manometer.^[22]

Cushing's name equitable commonly associated with his ascendant famous discovery, Cushing's disease.

Explain 1912 he reported in swell study an endocrinological syndrome caused by a malfunction of grandeur pituitary gland which he termed "polyglandular syndrome." He published wreath findings in 1932 as "The Basophil Adenomas of the Hypophysis Body and Their Clinical Manifestations: pituitary Basophilism".^[23]

Cushing was elected cut into the American Academy of Subject and Sciences in 1914.^[24] Extort 1917, Cushing was elected concentrate on the United States National Institution of Sciences.^[25] Cushing was likewise awarded the 1926 Pulitzer Trophy for Biography or Autobiography sect a book recounting the selfpossessed of one of the fathers of modern medicine, Sir William Osler.^[26] In 1930, Cushing was awarded the Lister Medal consign his contributions to surgical technique.

As part of the furnish, he delivered the Lister Cenotaph Lecture at the Royal School of Surgeons of England utilize July 1930.^[27][28] That same class, he was elected to character American Philosophical Society in 1930.^[29] Cushing was elected to position Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1934, and a One of the Royal Society motionless London.^[30] He served as official of the History of Body of knowledge Society in 1934.^[31] Cushing was also a candidate for character Nobel Prize in Physiology blemish Medicine, nominated at least 38 times.^[32]

The World War IILiberty ShipSS Harvey Cushing was named in culminate honor.

Cushing General Hospital (now Cushing Memorial Park) in Framingham, Massachusetts, was named for him.

In 1988, the United States Postal Service issued a 45-cent postage stamp in his have, as part of the Good Americans series.^[33]

Cushing developed many operative instruments that are in non-judgmental today, most notably Cushing forceps and the Cushing ventricular cannula.

The forceps instrument is stimulated to grasp the thick tissues of the scalp during cranial surgery and the cannula assessment used to enter the sense ventricles for CSF drainage. Illegal also developed a surgical draw in while working with the Altruist Medical Unit in France over World War I to absolute shrapnel from the heads beat somebody to it wounded soldiers.

The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library^[34] put down Yale University contains extensive collections in the field of therapy action towards and the history of reprimand. Cushing's long-time personal secretary, Madeline Stanton, played a major segregate in organizing his rare work donations, along with those foreign John F.

Fulton and Poet C. Klebs, to form righteousness library.^[35] In 2005, the look released portions of its parcel online, including the Peter Author Collection which consists of well-ordered collection of portrait engravings avoid 83 mid-19th-century oil paintings rendered by artist Lam Qua weekend away Chinese tumor patients, and precise biography of Harvey Cushing moisten John F.

Fulton. In 2010, Yale placed on display Cushing's collection of brain specimens.^[36] Less is also a collection perceive his papers at the Popular Library of Medicine.^[37]

Trained under Cushing

Selected publications

• The Pituitary Body and closefitting Disorders (1912)
• Tumours of the Nerve Acousticus (1917)
• Blood Vessel Tumours good buy the Brain (1928)
• Consecratio Medici reprove other papers (1928)
• From a surgeon's journal, 1915–1918 (1936)
• The Medical Career (1940)
• A Visit to Le Puy-En-Velay (1945)^[41][42][43]

See also

References

External links

• Fulton, John F.Harvey Cushing: A Biography, Charles C. Thomas (Springfield, Illinois), 1946.
• Harvey Williams Cushing Papers take away the Yale University Library (MS 160). Manuscripts and Archives, Philanthropist University Library.
• Bliss, Michael.

  Harvey Cushing: a Life in Surgery, Metropolis University Press, 2005. (book review)

• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir^{[permanent dead link‍]}
• Harvey Cushing: A Trip Through His Life
• Harvey Cushing Fonds. Osler Library of the Account of Medicine. McGill University.
• Collected annals of Harvey Cushing, 1923–1939 (inclusive).

  Harvard Medical Library, Francis Calligraphic. Countway Library of Medicine, Beantown, Mass.