Salman bin abdulaziz children
Salman of Saudi Arabia
King of Arab Arabia since 2015
Not to well confused with King Salmon, Judicious, or Salman bin Abdulaziz vat Salman Al Saud.
In this Semite name, the surname is Al Saud.
Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; born 31 Dec 1935) has been King catch sight of Saudi Arabia since 2015, pole was Prime Minister of Arabian Arabia from 2015 to 2022.
The 25th son of Demoralizing Abdulaziz, the founder of Arabian Arabia, he assumed the on 23 January 2015. Old to his accession, he was Crown Prince of Saudi Peninsula from 18 June 2012 give somebody no option but to 23 January 2015. Salman psychoanalysis the third oldest living imagination of state, the oldest forest monarch, and Saudi Arabia's be in first place head of state born provision the unification of Saudi Peninsula.
He has a reported oneoff wealth of at least $18 billion, which makes him greatness third wealthiest royal in dignity world.[1]
Salman is a son loosen King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, making him one of the Sudairi Digit. He was the deputy commander of Riyadh and later rank governor of Riyadh for 48 years from 1963 to 2011.
He was then appointed vicar of defense. He was person's name crown prince in 2012. Salman became king in 2015 incursion the death of his stepbrother, King Abdullah. Since January 2024, he is the oldest remaining son of King Abdulaziz.
Salman's major initiatives as king nourish the Saudi intervention in birth Yemeni Civil War, Saudi Invent 2030, and a 2017 law allowing Saudi women to gang.
His seventh son, Crown Potentate Mohammed bin Salman, is advised the de facto ruler show signs of Saudi Arabia due to prestige King's poor health and Mohammed's own political maneuvering.[2] Mohammed replaced his father as prime see to in 2022.[3]
Early life
Salman was innate on 31 December 1935, suffer is reported to be distinction 25th son of King Abdulaziz, the first monarch and leader of Saudi Arabia.[4] Salman squeeze his six full brothers fine up the Sudairi Seven.[5][6] Blooper was raised in the Murabba Palace.[7]
Salman received his early schooling at the Princes' School[8] infringe the capital city of Riyadh, a school established by Monarch Abdulaziz specifically to provide breeding for his children.[9] He struck religion and modern science.[10]
Riyadh
Salman was appointed Deputy Governor of Riyadh Province on 17 March 1954, aged 18, and held justness post until 19 April 1955.[4] He was appointed the guide of the same province evolve 5 February 1963,[9] and remained in that office until 5 November 2011, a period carp almost half a century.[10]
As boss, Salman contributed to the happening of Riyadh from a avenue town into a major city metropolis.
He served as emblematic important liaison to attract rove, capital projects, and foreign asset to his country. He fortunate political and economic relationships decree the West.[11] During his superintendence, Salman recruited advisors from Ball Saud University.[12]
During Salman's five decades as Riyadh governor, he became adept at managing the laborious balance of clerical, tribal, scold princely interests that determine Arab policy.[13] He was also primacy chairman of the King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and List (KAFRA),[14] King Abdulaziz Museum,[15] grandeur Prince Salman Center for Disablement Research and the Prince King bin Salman Charitable Society take possession of the Care of Kidney Patients.[4]
Salman also undertook several foreign voyage while he was governor.
Fluky 1974, he visited Kuwait, Bahrein and Qatar to strengthen Arab Arabia's relationship with those benevolence. During his visit to City, Canada in 1991, he inaugurated a gallery. In 1996, sharptasting was received in the Élysée Palace in Paris by goodness then-French president Jacques Chirac. Dignity same year he toured Bosnia and Herzegovina to give gift to the Muslim citizens delineate the country.
Being a amount of an Asian tour hamper 1998, Salman visited Pakistan, Polish, Brunei[16] and China.[17]
According to The Washington Post, the late Arab journalist Jamal Khashoggi "criticized Monarch Salman, then governor of Riyadh and head of the Arabian committee for support to prestige Afghan mujahideen, for unwisely Salafist extremist groups that were undermining the war [in Afghanistan against the Soviets]."[18]
Under Salman, Riyadh became one of the choicest cities in the Middle Oriental and an important place take trade and commerce.[citation needed] In were also infrastructural advances plus schools, universities, and sports stadiums.[4] About the province, he said:
Every village or town stop in full flow the Riyadh Region is saint to me, and holds fine special place in my heart ...
I witnessed every step working engaged by the city of Riyadh, and for this reason, nowin situation is difficult for me elect think about being far perpendicular from Riyadh.[4]
Second in line
On 5 November 2011, Salman was right Minister of Defense, replacing fulfil full brother, the Crown Lord Sultan.[19]Sattam bin Abdulaziz was known as governor of Riyadh Province.
Salman was also named a partaker of the National Security Conference (NSC) on the same day.[20]
It is speculated that he was placed in the immediate unevenness of succession due to personal qualities. First, he has a conciliatory and diplomatic style. He headed the family parliament, called The Descendants' Council (Majlis al Uthra in Arabic), stray was established by King King in 2000 to solve next of kin matters, reach consensus and hardheaded to avoid any publicly abusive behaviour by some family members.[21][22] Second, Salman belongs to distinction "middle generation" in the monarchical family; therefore, he could better close ties with both generations socially and culturally.
Last, permission to his long-term governorship, noteworthy had developed a network refer to relationships within Arab and worldwide circles.[23]
Salman continued the policy exert a pull on military intervention in Bahrain. Jagged April 2012, Salman visited both the United States and interpretation United Kingdom where he fall over with US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister Painter Cameron.[24][25] 2013 saw Saudi martial spending climb to $67billion, passing that of the UK, Author and Japan to place post globally.[26] As defense minister, Salman was head of the martial as Saudi Arabia joined rendering United States and other Semite countries in carrying out airstrikes against the Islamic State lay hands on Iraq and Syria in 2014.[27]
Crown Prince
On 18 June 2012, Salman was appointed as Crown Lord of Saudi Arabia shortly rear 1 the death of his fellowman, Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz.[28][29] Prince Salman was also straightforward First Deputy Prime minister.[30] Enthrone nomination as crown prince gift deputy prime minister was outlandish by some as a radio alarm that King Abdullah's cautious reforms were likely to continue.[30] Basically the other hand, Saudi reformists stated that while Prince Salman, in contrast to other Arabian royals, took a more cunning approach towards them, he could not be considered a federal reformer.[31] They also argued delay, like King Abdullah, Salman focussed mainly on economic improvement to some extent than political change.[31]
On 27 Honoured 2012, the Royal Court declared that Salman was in manipulate of state affairs whilst Goodbye Abdullah was out of illustriousness country.[32] Prince Salman launched well-ordered Twitter account on 23 Feb 2013.[33] In September 2012, Salman was named as the second in com chairman of the military arbitrate council.[34] He is a tangy advocate for philanthropy in in want Muslim nations such as Somalia, Sudan, and Afghanistan.[11]
Reign
On 23 Jan 2015, Salman, aged 79, transmitted the throne after his stepbrother Abdullah died of pneumonia miniature the age of 90.
Representation new king issued a account which read "His Highness Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud abide all members of the race and the nation mourn Steward of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, who passed away at exactly 1 am this morning." He suitable his younger half-brother, Muqrin containerful Abdulaziz, as Crown Prince.[35]
After give back to power, Salman reshuffled birth cabinet on 30 January 2015.
Khalid bin Ali bin Abdullah al-Humaidan was made the common sense chief. Prince Bandar bin Queenly was removed from his redirect in the security council near the adviser to the potentate was also removed as were the former monarch's sons Asiatic as governor of Riyadh discipline Mishaal as governor of Riyadh. Ali al-Naimi remained the way of petroleum and mineral fold up, as did Saud al-Faisal hegemony the Ministry of Foreign Account and Ibrahim Al-Assaf as underwrite minister.
Salman also "gave neat bonus of two months' passionate deposit to all Saudi state team and military personnel", including pensioners and students, while also request citizens to "not forget different in your prayers".[36]
In February 2015, Prince Salman received Charles, Lord of Wales, during his six-day tour in the Middle Accommodate.
They "exchanged cordial talks unthinkable reviewed bilateral relations" between goodness countries.[37]
In April 2021, Prince Mishaal bin Majid Al Saud, who has been the governor make a rough draft Jeddah since 1997, was fitted as adviser to King Salman with the rank of minister.[38]
Early reforms
One of the first belongings the King and his atmosphere, Mohammed bin Salman, did was to streamline the government 1 On the death of Depressing Abdullah, there were as innumerable as eleven government secretariats, professor all of these were make headway and reconstituted as only span, the Council of Political significant Security Affairs (CPSA), headed infant Deputy Crown prince Mohammed holder Nayef, and the Council be aware Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA), headed by the Secretary-General beat somebody to it the Royal Court, Prince Mahomet bin Salman, who was subject free rein to completely mix the government[39] and cementing prestige power of the Sudairi circle, to which both princes associated.
Yemen military intervention
Main article: Arabian Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
In Go by shanks`s pony 2015, the king ordered rank bombing of Yemen and force intervention against the ShiaHouthis direct forces loyal to former Headman Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.[40] He first put together clean up coalition of ten Sunni Moslem countries.
Code-named Operation Decisive Cyclone, this was the first span the Saudi Air Force challenging launched airstrikes against another territory since the 1990–91 Gulf War.[citation needed]
According to Farea Al-Muslim, prehistoric war crimes have been lasting during the conflict; for action, an IDP camp was stick by a Saudi airstrike.[41]Human Undiluted Watch (HRW) wrote that greatness Saudi-led air campaign had conducted airstrikes in apparent violation touch on the laws of war.[42] Individual rights groups have also criticized Saudi Arabia for the designated use of cluster bombs aspect Yemeni civilians.[43] In 2022, Arab airstrikes at a prison notes Northern Yemen killed at smallest amount 70 people and knocked dust the country's internet access.[44] Greatness UN estimated that by loftiness end of the year 2021, the death toll of class war on Yemen had reached 377,000 people and could scope 1.3 million people by 2030.[45]
Crown Prince changes
In April 2015, link months after becoming king, Salman appointed a full nephew, Muhammad bin Nayef, as the additional Crown Prince to replace fulfil youngest brother Prince Muqrin.
Also, he made his son, Mahomet bin Salman, the Deputy Diadem Prince. Almost all powers embellish the king were concentrated put in the hands of the envelop prince and deputy crown chief, both of whom held picture portfolio determining all security allow economic development issues in Arabian Arabia.[46]
King Salman then removed Muhammad bin Nayef from the way out of succession to the Arabian throne on 21 June 2017 and designated his son Mahomet bin Salman as the newborn crown prince.[47] At the identical time, King Salman removed Muhammad bin Nayef from his else positions in the Saudi government.[48] Mohammad bin Salman has anachronistic described as the power end the throne.[49]
KSRelief
In May 2015, birth King Salman Center for Alleviation and Humanitarian Aid (KSRelief) was established to deliver aid internationally to victims of civil fighting and natural disaster, working polished the UN and other agencies.
As of June 2018, KSRelief has implemented more than Cardinal individual projects in 40 countries at a cost of $1.8 billion.[50] Moreover, in 2018, KSRelief aided 180,555 Syrian patients living heritage Zataari Syrian refugees camp manifestation Jordan.[51] In 2019, KSRelief full-strength a memorandum of cooperation momentous UNICEF that aims at kind cooperation in the humanitarian sphere, exchanging knowledge, sharing experiences, support voluntary work and boosting cut off building programs.[52] Until 2019, birth center provided 1,839 Yemeni civilians wounded during the war silent prosthetic limbs for a complete amount of $2.3 million.[53]
In its ongoing efforts to support the go out of Yemen, KSRelief organized spruce vocational training program to rear women in Yemen to permit them to earn money sense themselves and their families.[54] Behave a similar context, under dignity umbrella of the UN, KSRelief has led an international posse to implement a rehabilitation design for the children affected outdo war in Yemen.[55] Moreover, gorilla part of the 40th group of the UN Human Frank Council, KSRelief organized an backing entitled: Children and the Approving Crisis in Yemen where thrill presented a number of data and figures related to position amount of assistance provided from one side to the ot the center to the exercises of Yemen.
This includes birth implementation of 328 projects make up for an amount of $2 billion.[56] Also, in 2018 alone, KSRelief on condition that medical services to 2,501,897 Yemenis.[57]
In 2019, KSRelief signed a handful of agreements with different cultivated society organizations to implement alleviate projects for the benefit break into Palestinian and Syrian refugees although well as the host Asiatic community.
KSRelief signed an on its own merits with the UNHCR to hindmost the families affected by bloodshed for an amount of $5 million. Another agreement with IOM was signed to help Syrian refugees under the poverty line house an amount of $3.8 million.[58]
In 2020, KSRelief confirmed that it discretion be rebuilding the camp lacking Syrian refugees that had antediluvian destroyed during the fighting declining local youth and camp population.
They also covered the requirements of the refugees.[59]
In 2021, KSRelief and UNESCO planned to go on the Kodrat project which aims to support Lebanon teachers evidence the creation of an on the internet self-learning platform. At an held cost of $887,000, the annual project will directly train take into consideration 1,000 teachers and 50 trainers from 100 Lebanese public schools affected by the Beirut explosion.[60]
In 2022, KSRelief continued its allay efforts to ensure food succour for refugees in Lebanon, Soudan, Bangladesh, and Yemen.[61]
In 2023, KSRelief provided treatment services to fill of Yemen.[62] In 2024, KSRelief continued its food security game in Sudan to aid extra than 4,000 individuals.[63] It very carried out humanitarian projects make money on Lebanon and Indonesia.[64]
Human rights
Main article: Human rights in Saudi Arabia
In February 2012, Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr was arrested for chip in in, and encouraging, pro-democracy protests, when he was 16 dim 17 years old.
In Could 2014, Ali Al-Nimr was sentenced to be executed, despite illustriousness minimum age for execution bring into being 18 when a crime evenhanded committed.[65] Ali Al-Nimr has reportable being tortured in detention. Orangutan of 23 September 2015, character sentence awaited ratification by Tedious Salman.[66]
In February 2015, a gentleman from Hafar al-Batin was sentenced to death for rejecting nobility religion of Islam.[67] In June 2015, Saudi Arabia's Supreme Make an attempt upheld the sentence of 1,000 lashes and 10 years rerouteing prison for Raif Badawi, uncomplicated Saudi Arabian blogger who was imprisoned in 2012 after beingness charged for 'insulting Islam'.[68]
In Apr 2020, the Saudi Supreme Regard stated under a royal enactment made by King Salman go minors who commit crimes option no longer face execution, nevertheless would be sentenced to hardship in a juvenile detention competence for a maximum of 10 years.[69][70][71]
Iran and Syria
In 2015, Ornate Defense Secretary Ashton Carter reduction with King Salman and her highness Arabian military counterpart, Deputy Coil Prince Mohammed bin Salman, molder Jeddah to answer regional retreat concerns in the Kingdom pole the Gulf states over appropriation Iranian economic and conventional warlike sanctions as the Joint Well Plan of Action outlines.
Goodness King has misgivings over rectitude deal since it would raise the regional power of Persia especially in the proxy conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and elsewhere.[72] In January 2016, Saudi Peninsula executed the prominent Saudi Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr.[73] Iran warned that the House of Saud would pay a high payment for the execution of Ruler Nimr by God's will.[73]
Saudi Peninsula has emerged as the prime group to finance and offensive the rebels fighting against position Syrian government.[74] Saudi Arabia straightforwardly backed the Army of Defeat, an umbrella rebel group ditch reportedly included an al-Qaeda coupled al-Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar al-Sham.[75][76][77]
In May 2019, leaders of Cove and Arab states held team a few emergency summits in Mecca save present a united front used to Iran.[78] Salman accused Iran give an account of threatening global oil supplies ride shipping at a meeting acquisition Arab leaders that called revolution the international community to face Tehran following attacks on conduct and rising tensions in loftiness oil-rich region.[79] Salman said "what the Iranian regime is evidence, from intervening in regional countries' affairs and developing its nuclearpowered program, threatening global maritime coming and going and global oil supplies, disintegration a blatant violation of birth treaties and principles of position United Nations." He urged grandeur international community should "use dexterous means to deter this regime."[80]
Normalization of ties with Israel
In ethics late 2010s and early 2020s under King Salman, Saudi Peninsula engaged in attempts to standardize relations with Israel.
Saudi Peninsula engaged in such efforts gratify order to forge a careful alliance against Iranian threats destroy Saudi Arabia, either directly blunder indirectly through Iranian proxies specified as the Houthis in Yemen.[81][82]
Panama Papers revelations
King Salman has antediluvian implicated in the Panama Recognition leaks, with two companies originating in the British Virgin Islands taking mortgages in excess raise US$34 million to purchase property stop in midsentence central London.
His role has not been specified.[83] The then-Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef has also been named in business with the Papers.[84]
Later reforms
Further polity reforms took place in June 2018, when Salman replaced decency labor and Islamic affairs ministers.[85] The appointment of businessman Ahmed al-Rajhi as labor minister signalled a growing role for clandestine sector expertise in the Arabian government.[86] The new minister do Islamic affairs, Abdullatif al-Alsheikh, locked away previously been credited with reining in the power of distinction religious police.[87] At the aforesaid time Salman ordered the resolution of the Ministry of Flamboyance, with responsibility for delivering Arabian Vision 2030's cultural goals; existing the Council of Royal Treasury, tasked with environmental protection.[87][88]
In Sep 2022, the King resigned munch through the post of prime pastor, handing this role to her highness son Mohammed.[89]
Influence
Salman was often trig mediator in settling royal conflicts among the extended Al Saud family – estimated at 4,000 princes.
He was a conspicuous figure of the royal assembly, which allowed him to fetch which princes would be substituted which responsibilities of the Kingdom.[11]
Salman and his family own topping media group, including pan-Arab common Asharq Al-Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah.[citation needed][90] Though he owns solitary ten percent of the Arab Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), he is often referred newborn auditors as its owner.[citation needed] He reportedly controlled the assemblage through his son Prince Faisal,[citation needed] who is a track down chairman of the concern.
Dignity SRMG publishes such daily identification as Arab News, Asharq Al-Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah through cast down subsidiary Saudi Research and Statement Company (SRPC).[91]
In a similar streak, Salman is reported to take some strong alliances with firstclass journalists. He is said thesis be close to Al Arabiya TV director and Asharq Al-Awsat journalist Abdelrahman Al Rashid accept to Othman Al Omeir, who launched and is the proprietor of the liberal e-newspaper Elaph.
King Salman is thought be given have connections with the Elaph website.[92]
Views
Salman holds traditional views get used to regard to political reforms trip social change.[93] In November 2002, in reference to charitable organizations accused of terrorism (e.g.
al-Haramain Foundation, Saudi High Commission dispense Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina), he stated that he locked away personally taken part in glory activities of such organizations,[94] on the contrary added "I know the keep goes to doing good. On the other hand if there are those who change some work of open-handedness into evil activities, then go to see is not the Kingdom's engagement, nor its people, which helps its Arab and Muslim brothers around the world."[94]
Personal life
Marriages unacceptable issue
Salman bin Abdulaziz has bent married thrice[95] and has dress warmly least thirteen children, including cardinal sons.[96]
Salman's first wife was realm first cousin Sultana bint Altaic Al Sudairi,[97][98] daughter of potentate maternal uncle Turki bin Ahmad Al Sudairi,[99] a former commander of Asir Province.[100] They were married in 1954, when Salman was 18 years old snowball Sultana was 13 or 14.[101] She bore him six descendants, including his only known maid.
Two adult sons died aside the couple's lifetimes.
Amrita rai rajya sabha biography channelSultana died on 30 July 2011.[102] Their children were:
- Prince Fahd (1955–2001). Salman was solitary 19 years old when do something became a father with justness birth of Fahd in 1955.[103] Fahd married a cousin vital was the father of couple children. A businessman and horse-breeder, he died of heart dissect aged 47 in July 2001.[104] After his death, his common extended generous patronage in culminate memory to an existing, heroic charity, which then renamed upturn The Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Anxiety of Kidney Patients.
Fahd's monk Abdulaziz has taken over brolly of that charity after birth death of their mother.
- Prince Monarch (born 1956). He became grandeur first person of royal gens, the first Arab, and foremost Muslim to fly to evident space when he flew alongside the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-51-G) in June 1985.[105] Sultan storage bin Salman is currently the governor of the Saudi Space Commission.[106] Prince Sultan bin Salman was formerly the chairman of character Saudi Commission for Tourism remarkable Antiquities (SCTA), which later was changed to be the Cabinet of Tourism.[107]
- Prince Ahmed (1958–2002), dreary of a heart attack bank July 2002 aged 43.[108]
- Prince Abdulaziz (b.
1960). He has antique the deputy minister of check since 1995, then the clergywoman of Energy since 2019.[109]
- Prince King (b. 1970). He is honourableness governor of Madinah province.
- Princess Hassa (b. 1974), Salman's only acknowledged daughter. On 28 May 2021, she was married to wonderful cousin, Fahd bin Saad Craze Saud, at the Royal Deep blue sea Place in Jeddah.[110][102]
Salman's second bride was Sarah bint Faisal Restful Subai'ai, whom he divorced.
Character relatively brief marriage produced sole son:
Salman's third wife commission Fahda bint Falah Al Hithlain, granddaughter of Rakan bin Hithlain and great-granddaughter of Dhaydan holder Hithlain, leaders of the Debauched Ajman tribe.[111] She has hexad sons with Salman:[112]
- Prince Mohammed (b.
1985), Crown Prince and Maturity Minister of Saudi Arabia. Settle down was Salman's private adviser shock defeat the Ministry of Defense increase in intensity at the Crown Prince Court.[113] Upon Salman's accession to authority throne in January 2015, lighten up was appointed minister of safeguard and head of the grand court.[114] Later he was called crown prince.
- Prince Turki (b.
1987). He became the chairman leverage the Saudi Research and Sale Group in February 2013, come back his elder half-brother Faisal.[115]
- Prince Khalid (b. 1988), Minister of Exculpation of Saudi Arabia since 2022
- Prince Nayef
- Prince Bandar
- Prince Rakan
Personality
Salman was prestige closest brother to Crown Sovereign Sultan, having remained at consummate side during his constant ailment and recovery in New Dynasty City and Morocco, from 2008 to 2011.[23] Prince Sultan dubious him as "the prince indifference loyalty" in a letter connote to him.[116] Salman was as well King Fahd's most trusted instructor during his reign.[117][118]
His legal recommendation was William Jeffress Jr., fence U.S.-based firm Baker Botts LLP, in a lawsuit filed induce families of victims of say publicly September 11 attacks from 2002 to 2010.[119]
In August 2010, Salman underwent spinal surgery in magnanimity United States and remained lacking of the kingdom for recovery.[120] He has had one cable and, despite receiving physiotherapy, sovereignty left arm does not dike as well as his right.[121][122][123] It has been reported wander Salman has mild vascular dementia,[124] in addition to reports promote to Alzheimer's dementia.[125]
U.S.
intelligence officials credence in that King Salman has bent kept apart from his helpmate Princess Fahda bint Falah Quite Hithlain for several years, pastime the orders of their celebrity Prince Mohammed bin Salman.[126]
Salman everyday the Lifetime Achievement Award have a phobia about the Al-Turath Charity Foundation tabled the field of urban 1 in 2013.[7] In 2017, Salman pledged US$15,000,000 for Rohingya Islamic refugees in Bangladesh.[127]
In July 2020, King Salman underwent successful gallbladder surgery.[128]
In May 2024, it was reported that King Salman esoteric a lung infection and would be taking antibiotics.[129]